What is PCOS?
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder that affects women of reproductive age. It causes the ovaries to produce an excessive amount of androgens — male hormones that are naturally present in women in smaller quantities. This imbalance disrupts normal ovarian function, leading to irregular periods, weight gain, skin issues, fertility problems, and more.
In a healthy cycle, your ovaries release one mature egg each month. In PCOS, this release (ovulation) may not happen regularly or at all. Small fluid-filled follicles (cysts) may develop on the ovaries, which further disrupt the hormonal balance.
The Reality in India
- 1 in 5 Indian women are affected by PCOS
- 65% of women remain unaware of PCOS symptoms
- PCOS is increasingly seen among young, urban Indian women aged 20–30
PCOS vs PCOD – Are They the Same?
Refers to ovary-related cyst formation and is often seen as less severe.
Is a broader endocrine-metabolic condition involving hormonal imbalance and long-term health risks.
Medical experts now prefer using PCOS, especially for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning.
PCOS Symptoms: What Should You Watch For?
Symptoms may vary from person to person. Some women may show obvious signs, while others may remain asymptomatic for years.
Most Common PCOS Symptoms in Indian Women:
- Irregular Periods – Cycles longer than 35 days or missed for months – Very light or very heavy bleeding
- Excess Hair Growth (Hirsutism) – Dark, coarse hair on chin, chest, stomach, or back – Affects up to 70% of women with PCOS
- Unexplained Weight Gain – Especially around the waist – Difficulty losing weight despite diet and exercise – Linked to insulin resistance (30–40% of cases)
- Skin Changes – Persistent acne, especially on the jawline – Dark skin patches (acanthosis nigricans) on the neck, underarms, or groin
- Hair Loss or Thinning – Male-pattern baldness, receding hairline
- Fertility Issues – Difficulty getting pregnant due to irregular ovulation – PCOS is a leading cause of infertility in India
Symptoms often begin in the late teens or early twenties but may be delayed until childbearing years.
What Causes PCOS?
The exact cause remains unclear, but several risk factors are strongly associated — many of them particularly relevant to Indian women:
Genetics
Up to 70% of daughters inherit PCOS if their mothers have it. Specific genes associated with PCOS have been found in Indian women.
Insulin Resistance
Found in 30–40% of PCOS cases. Leads to higher insulin levels → triggers excess androgen production → disrupts ovulation.
Inflammation
Chronic low-grade inflammation worsens PCOS. Obesity and processed food intake may worsen this.
Lifestyle Factors in Urban India
Sedentary work environments, high stress and irregular sleep, junk/processed food intake, lack of physical activity.
PCOS Risk Factors in Indian Women
You're at greater risk of PCOS if:
- You have a family history of PCOS or diabetes
- You are overweight (BMI >25)
- You have high stress and poor sleep
- You have insulin resistance or thyroid issues
- You're between ages 20–30, when symptoms typically surface
How is PCOS Diagnosed?
Diagnosis is typically made using the Rotterdam Criteria, which requires at least 2 of the following:
- Irregular or absent ovulation
- High androgen levels (seen clinically or via blood test)
- Polycystic ovaries visible on ultrasound
The Diagnostic Process:
Medical History & Physical Exam
Menstrual patterns, hair growth, weight, acne
Blood Tests
Hormones (LH, FSH, Testosterone), Glucose, insulin, lipid profile, Thyroid function
Ultrasound
Pelvic ultrasound to detect cysts and measure ovary size
Treatment Options: Managing PCOS in India
There's no cure for PCOS — but it can be effectively managed with the right care.
- Lifestyle changes: Losing 5–10% of weight can possibly restore ovulation
- Ovulation induction drugs: Clomiphene, Letrozole, Metformin
- Nutritional support: Folic acid, Vitamin D, B12
- Hormonal birth control: Regulates cycles, reduces acne/hair growth
- Insulin-sensitising agents: Metformin improves glucose metabolism
- Anti-androgens: Spironolactone, Finasteride for hair-related symptoms
Holistic Lifestyle Management:
Diet
Low-GI foods, whole grains, legumes. Traditional foods like methi, karela, turmeric.
Exercise
Mix of cardio + strength training. Yoga, walking, and meditation.
Stress Management
Sleep 7–8 hours/night. Practice mindfulness or seek therapy if needed.
Long-term Health Risks of Untreated PCOS
Metabolic Risks
Type 2 diabetes, high cholesterol, cardiovascular disease
Reproductive Risks
Infertility, miscarriage, pregnancy complications
Cancer Risk
Higher chance of endometrial cancer due to prolonged unopposed oestrogen
Mental Health
Anxiety, depression, poor body image, low self-esteem
Daily Tips for Living with PCOS
- Track your cycles using an app or journal
- Meal prep Indian PCOS-friendly dishes
- Create a support system – connect with other women
- Be open with family about your condition
- Focus on consistency, not perfection
Why PCOS Awareness Matters in India
Early diagnosis can prevent serious complications
Informed women make better health choices
Breaking the silence helps remove shame and stigma